inhale the resulting second-hand smoke. Now, scientists have detected
cancer-causing chemicals associated with tobacco smoke in the urine of
nearly half the babies of smoking parents.
"The take home message is, 'Don't smoke around your kids,'" said Stephen S.
Hecht, Ph.D., professor and Wallin Chair of Cancer Prevention at The Cancer
Center at the University of Minnesota.
According to a study of 144 infants, published in the May issue of Cancer
Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, Hecht and his colleagues found
detectable levels of NNAL* in urine from 47 percent of babies exposed to
environmental tobacco carcinogens from cigarette smoking family members.
NNAL is a cancer-causing chemical produced in the human body as it
processes NNK**, a carcinogenic chemical specific to tobacco.
"The level of NNAL detected in the urine of these infants was higher than in
most other field studies of environmental tobacco smoke in children and
adults," Hecht said.
"NNAL is an accepted biomarker for uptake of the tobacco-specific
carcinogen NNK. You don't find NNAL in urine except in people who are
exposed to tobacco smoke, whether they are adults, children, or infants."
A previous study by Hecht and his colleagues indicated that the first urine
from newborns whose mothers smoked during pregnancy contained as much
as one-third more NNAL compared to the babies in the current study. The
newborn infants, however, took in the carcinogen directly from their mothers
through their placentas rather than by breathing second-hand smoke in the
air in their family homes and cars.
In the current study, when babies had detectable levels of NNAL, Hecht said
that family members smoked an average of 76 cigarettes per week, in their
home or car while the babies were present. In children of smokers whose
babies had undetectable levels of NNAL in their urine, the average number of
cigarettes smoked by family members was reported at 27 per week.
"With more sensitive analytical equipment, the NNAL from urine of babies in
lower frequency cigarette smoking households would most likely be
detectable," Hecht said.
While studies have not determined how the long term risk of exposure to
cancer-causing tobacco smoke affects the genetics of babies during their
early years when they are growing rapidly, Hecht said that this study
demonstrated substantial uptake of NNK and its metabolite NNAL in infants
exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.
"These findings support the concept that persistent exposure to
environmental tobacco smoke in childhood could be related to cancer later in
life," he said.
Hecht conducted his study in collaboration with Steven G. Carmella, Ky-Ahn
Le, Sharon E. Murphy, Angela J. Boettcher, Chap Le, Joseph Koopmeiners,
Larry An, and Deborah J. Hennrikus from the Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use
Research Center and The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota.
* 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol
** 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
The mission of the American Association for Cancer Research is to prevent
and cure cancer. Founded in 1907, AACR is the world's oldest and largest
professional organization dedicated to advancing cancer research. The
membership includes more than 24,000 basic, translational, and clinical
researchers; health care professionals; and cancer survivors and advocates
in the United States and more than 60 other countries. AACR marshals the full
spectrum of expertise from the cancer community to accelerate progress in
the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer through high-quality
scientific and educational programs. It funds innovative, meritorious research
grants. The AACR Annual Meeting attracts more than 17,000 participants who
share the latest discoveries and developments in the field. Special
Conferences throughout the year present novel data across a wide variety of
topics in cancer research, treatment, and patient care. AACR publishes five
major peer-reviewed journals: Cancer Research; Clinical Cancer Research;
Molecular Cancer Therapeutics; Molecular Cancer Research; and Cancer
Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Its most recent publication, CR, is a
magazine for cancer survivors, patient advocates, their families, physicians,
and scientists. It provides a forum for sharing essential, evidence-based
information and perspectives on progress in cancer research, survivorship,
and advocacy.
aacr
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